Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar cells made of silicon to convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity.

Solar cells produce DC electricity from sunlight, which can be used to power equipment directly or to charge storage batteries. Today most of PV modules are used for grid-tied power generation (called grid-tied or grid-connected system). In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power (off-grid systems) for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones etc.

Charge controller is essential for PV systems responsible for charging batteries properly.